Jazz Resources

I have been teaching improvisation for over 40 years – here are some resources (just starting to post these.. no particular order at this time)

William Haubrich Head of Brass at University Of Cape Town wrote his Master’s Thesis on my Improvisation system. Below is his handout at the Jazz Education Network in San Diego.  Jan 5, 2015

My first-day handout to Improv 3 students at Humber College - Bruce Cassidy

Want to ace this course? Every day, play something in every key!

I’m going to quiz you on this statement. You will do fine here, and in the pro world, if you do this, I assure you.

We spend too much time in class sorting out technical issues (often, lack of familiarity with ‘other’ keys). Let’s get some ability to change keys quickly to concentrate on ‘the music.’ Oh yes, and play assigned phrases over the range of your instrument.

Helpful stuff: These are some perennial issues.

• Get a Theme Book. i.e., a loose-leaf or preferably a bound music book to make notes. Paper is better than digital. Paper lasts – digital formats change regularly. In this book, you can put ideas for songs and phrases you want to practice – many musical-related things.

• Practice with a metronome – If you’re not practicing with a metronome, you’re not practicing.

• Accuracy first and last – speed will come.

• Doing something difficult? – play the notes first, then apply the rhythm slowly.

• Keep a practice log – this makes a difference if you want to improve.

Horn players: 

• If you want the band to play softer, then play softly, and if they are good musicians, they will turn down – if they never turn down, don’t work with them. Don’t try to match the level of those with an amp. Rock bands are a unique case – be careful – hearing is a precious sense for us.

• Vibrato is not corny – unless applied mechanically or habitually. There is a wealth of expression there. Listen to how great instrumental stylists and vocalists use it. Music is the language of feeling and vibrato (and teasing the pitch), an essential element.

Guitarists: 

• Play something in every key or comp a song within the same five frets across the keyboard. Then, on one string in the same key on different strings. It’s not fair; it’s just changing position to transpose. Let’s get some chops.

Vocalists: 

• Do you know what key you want to sing this song in? Fake books are just fake books and not the authority on your voice. Also, you should know the different keys to a song depending on whether it is delivered in a high-energy or gentle setting. Just knowing your top and bottom comfort notes is not enough.

• If possible, avoid E and A unless you are playing with a guitar band or top pros. (horn players might screw up)

• If you sing a song in a non-standard key, then you should have readable (charts (at least lead lines and changes) in concert, Bb and Eb at hand. ‘At hand’ in this course means that if the syllabus says we are playing All The Things You Are, then have parts for everyone that week, you’ll get to sing more.

• Know the lyrics from memory to many familiar songs so you can sit in on demand. (or, at least, have them quickly at hand in your book or on an iPad).

Drummers: 

• Can you hear the soloist?

• Remember brushes? These should be within easy reach.

• Avoid playing at mm=60 and 120 too much when practicing (this applies to everyone). Too much music is played at these tempos. If we start a song above 60 or 120, we tend to slow down to it, or if we start a song slightly slower, we tend to speed up to those tempos.

• Get a pro metronome and be prepared to count in the band (don’t be shy – is everyone with you?). Many leaders will appreciate it (but not all!).

• Piano is a percussion instrument – be prepared to get into it – or get at the vibraphone – they sound great (unless you play them like drums) – oh yes, and vibes have a pedal…

• Be able to play the rhythm of the melody of any song on snare (and sing it too). If the soloist gets lost, be prepared (tactfully) to sing the melody to them.

• Be appropriate to the song and situation for playing ‘fours.’ It’s easy to lose horn players who don’t have your metric chops. Playing in a big band will prevent you from getting too far out on breaks.

• “Know why players get lost when drummers play fours? It’s often because the drummer’s time is so bad”. (Terry Clarke)

Bassists: 

• Turn down.

• Learn to play the melody – but don’t do it while comping.

• Don’t be afraid to roll a bit of bottom off your sound depending on the situation. Woofy is sweet, but sometimes you must bark to telegraph the pitch to the band.

Keyboardists: 

• Comp like Horace Silver, Red Garland or other masterful traditional players if you want horn players to love playing with you.

• Don’t wait till the third beat of the bar to lay down the current chord change if you are playing with semi-pros or if the player you are backing isn’t familiar with the tune (that’s almost always the case in these classes).

Everyone: 

• Show up for class. You can expect 50% just for being here on time, paying attention and trying. Getting this far means you have jumped through quite a few hoops – keep it up – it’s not over yet. It’s never over.

• Forget about being the best – there is none. Mohammed Ali was finally defeated, and so will everyone else. Forget about the Jazz Olympics; Wynton Marsalis has already won that. Just imagine you are playing for your mother – don’t get fancy. Do this, and you’ll get work – and ‘move’ people.

• To have to assign marks in art is a questionable thing and the product of the industrial revolution – it sucks. Still, we have to have some way of indicating your technical ability. Just because you don’t get an excellent mark doesn’t mean you are not any good – it just means there is room for improvement – and there always is! Welcome criticism – often, non-musicians have beneficial comments, and they pay to listen to you – or not.

• Want to impress others? Then don’t try to impress them – that stands out – in a musical way.

• Be prepared to be uncomfortable. Improvisation is about dealing with the unexpected. If you enter every conversation by telling the same story or using many big words, you’ll have few friends – see what I mean? Interesting that we can wail over an Aebersold track and suck on the same tune when playing it live – think about this.

• Don’t miss a chance to play with musicians who are better than you – good for your ego (the less ego, the better) and great for your playing.

• Play within your bubble. “What’s that?” you ask… If you play three wrong notes in a row, you are outside it. The cure: slow down, play fewer notes or play the melody.

• Hear it, then play it. Don’t just jump in. One tactic is to wait until you have something to say. If you are poised to play, then (usually) responsive players will give you a few bars to start your solo, depending on the tune and energy level. Listen to the previous soloist and the general vibe as your solo approaches; that will feed you ideas.

• The hip thing you played yesterday that knocked everyone out will surely fail today… I promise you.

• I recommend practicing phrases and patterns. This is just for familiarity with keys and your instrument. You best leave these licks in the woodshed, though. Don’t trot out these things during solos – boring and mechanical. Just play what you hear and feel.

• Doing a lift? Do it by ear and play it from memory. Published transcriptions often contain mistakes, and our music notation system rarely indicates energy, time subtleties, or vibrato.

• Do lifts of performances of instruments other than your own.

• The programs ‘Transcribe’ and ‘Amazing Slow Downer’ are very helpful. If the lines are fast (even if they aren’t), play the song at half speed and down an octave to hear subtleties that can easily be missed at the regular tempo.

• Have a mission. Maynard Ferguson wanted to play the Arban’s Trumpet Method up an octave. A virtuoso saxophone player I know decided to learn to trill from every note to every other note. It was their mission, and they developed beyond the norm. They set lofty goals that suited them. To try to ‘beat’ another player is a lower goal. To indulge in your passion to the nth degree is to develop uniquely.

• Develop relationships with other musicians. It’s always been the case that ‘work goes to friends.’

• Finally, here is a quote from the masterful teacher and bandleader Herb Pomeroy: “A player should come to a gig first as a human spirit, second as a musician, and third as an instrumentalist. Too many players reverse that order.”

X/X

A song that forces jazz players to listen and respond in the moment and amplifies the free aspect of their playing. Looks pretty simple doesn’t it.

Deceptive though. Here is a video of me performing it with my Hotfoot Orchestra in 2001

The Form:

16 bars of slow fusion space ‘A’ followed by 16 (or so) bars of up-tempo ‘B’, a quick link ‘L’ and then a cadenza ‘C’ by the soloist. So – ABLC

The Technique and Responsibilities:

The pianist plays mid-range major triads in any inversion at the beginning of each 2 bar section. The bassist plays any bass note at the beginning of each bar of the A section. The pianist and bassist may ‘rhythmicize’ the chord or bass note once they are established. (Both piano and bass sounds die away so repetition of the bass note and chord are necessary.) The soloist plays a ‘lyrical melody’ over the changes. He must play at the beginning of each 2 bar section even though he will not know what the chord or bass note will be. (No fair waiting to see what the chord will be.) The challenge for the rhythm section is to play as if were playing written changes of triads over bass notes. Of course they may not move around so much because they have to first process the resulting chord quality and figure out what is appropriate in terms of interpretation. In the beginning a change every 4 bars might be easier for everyone, soloist and rhythm players.

The ‘B’ section is a free up-tempo bridge where anything goes. It can be jazz or rock or ‘space’ style.

The link is played rhythmically as-is but the players play any note.

The cadenza ‘C’ is left to the soloist alone although the band can join in if desired.

When the soloist is finished his cadenza he just looks at the next soloist who gives a ‘preparation beat’ and his solo begins.

The Idea:

The song was at first just written as a fun vehicle. However I have found it to be an antidote to the ‘trotting out my hip lick’ style of jazz soloing. In all the years I have played it I have never had someone not enjoy playing it and feeling inspired during its performance. Beginners seem to take to it readily although their performance tends to be somewhat more ‘unlucky’ in that their ‘A’ sections seem to have less coherence. In my opinion they are less used to processing unusual harmonic backgrounds and of course are less experienced at playing what they hear. A ‘successful’ performance arises from a soloist who is prepared to listen to the background and respond to the harmonic and musical space that the progression propels him into.

Without meaning to be pretentious, this song can be seen to be an allegory for life; we try to keep it all together (lyrical melody) while our acts, which are often directed out of our habits, have unexpected implications because of the ever-shifting background that our environment and others present to us (chords and bass notes). This is a ‘thinking on your feet’ exercise.

I consider this song a kind of antidote to the common jazz education approach, wherein players are taught how to negotiate changes and play in time and generally play in a fashion that is already history. Any alumni of a music college or ‘play-along’ practicer can trot out an acceptable solo on most standard songs but often only half of their solo will relate to a live rhythm section’s ever changing grooves or substitute voicings.

Common abuses: These are mostly based on old habits.

Not listening: Listening and responding appropriately is, of course, the challenge. It becomes obvious quite quickly if a soloist is on autopilot. In a well-articulated solo the soloist ‘breathes’ with the background and responds to being in or out of ‘trouble’ as he is confronted by varying dissonance levels and degrees of coherence of progression.

Not taking the process seriously: This is more unusual. This ‘fault’ usually occurs with the pianist or other chord player. They try to ‘improve’ the process by using dissonant chords. This rarely works since few players can process the high-density chords that are produced.

Pre-judging the process: Some players assume that this is just going to be weird and so just turn off their sense of musicality and play any old thing. This is an immature attitude and should be addressed as such. Players of depth are fascinated by the challenge and reach deep into their instinctive nature and ‘exceed themselves’.

Metronome setting of 100 bpm with 2 bar breaks – practice clapping and/or playing through the breaks. You can expand this idea by using an app such as Time Guru.

Audio Player

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